A comparison of changes in stable isotope ratios in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of slow‐growing adult catfish

Although stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for determining diet, migration patterns and the structure of food webs in aquatic systems, the slow response of isotopic ratios in the widely used muscle tissue often hampers this approach, particularly in slow‐growing or adult fishes. We conducted a diet‐switch experiment to compare the changes in the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C values) in the epidermal mucus and muscle tissue of five‐year‐old catfish (Silurus asotus). The isotope ratios in noninvasively sampled mucus changed more rapidly than those in the muscle tissue. As isotopic change in mucus was relatively rapid, this technique can be used over a finer timescale than traditional isotopic analyses using the muscle tissue. The isotopic change half‐life in our experimental condition was 200 days, which would not be short enough for some research purposes. Examining mucus along with the muscle would enable food habits of slow‐growing fishes to be determined over different timescales. However, the rate of isotopic change in the mucus was negatively affected by the size of fish and was slower than the previously reported rates in juvenile steelhead. These findings suggest that mucus turnover rates need to be determined prior to the field data interpretation.     

基于综合判别法的广东省水土流失状况遥感分析

以2009和2010年10 m分辨率的ALOS多光谱遥感影像为数据源,采用计算机自动分析与人机交互判别相结合的方法,对广东省水土流失状况进行了遥感分析。结果表明:广东省土地利用以林草地、水田、建筑用地、水域和旱地为主,植被覆盖状况良好,珠三角和粤西地区地形平缓,粤北山区地形起伏较大;全省水土流失总面积20945.87 km 2,其中自然侵蚀面积14781.06 km 2,人为侵蚀面积6164.81 km 2;全省水土流失以轻度和中度侵蚀为主,主要分布在河源、梅州和云浮等地,其中生产建设活动导致的人为侵蚀集中分布在惠州、清远和广州等地。     

全麦粉和小麦粉中烷基间苯二酚同系物组成的对比分析

【目的】 建立全麦粉标记物烷基间苯二酚（ARs）的高效液相检测方法,对全麦粉和小麦粉中ARs同系物组成进行分析,实现全麦粉真伪品质评价。【方法】 探究高效液相条件,建立ARs同系物5-十七烷基间苯二酚（C17:0）、5-十九烷基间苯二酚（C19:0）、5-二十一烷基间苯二酚（C21:0）、5-二十三烷基间苯二酚（C23:0）和5-二十五烷基间苯二酚（C25:0）的高效液相检测方法,并进行方法学评价。以国内外全麦粉、小麦粉及小麦麸皮等共47份样品为研究对象,测定ARs同系物的含量,分析其ARs同系物组成,并进行热图分析和主成分分析。【结果】 选用ZORBAX SB-C18（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm,Agilent）色谱柱,流动相选用0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液进行梯度洗脱,在紫外检测波长280 nm、柱温35℃、流速0.5 mL·min^-1、进样量20 μL条件下,可在35 min内有效分离5种ARs同系物,各个同系物的色谱峰峰形对称,分离度好。经方法学评价,该方法具有良好的精密度和灵敏度,标准曲线线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.06—0.19 μg·mL ^-1,回收率为81.16%—112.92%,精密度标准偏差为0.02%—4.02%,可作为ARs同系物的测定方法。通过热图聚类分析可知不同检测样品中ARs同系物组成及总量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。麦粉样品ARs同系物组成中C21:0最多,占33%—61%;C19:0次之,占12%—44%;C17:0、C23:0和C25:0的含量占比较小。美国、加拿大全麦粉的ARs同系物组成丰富度和含量相近,国外全麦粉中ARs同系物组成含量高于国内全麦粉。国内全麦粉中的ARs同系物组成比小麦粉中的ARs同系物组成丰富度高,但个别小麦粉除外。小麦麸皮F₁中ARs同系物组成和总含量显著高于全麦粉和小麦粉,其ARs总含量高达1 795.78 μg·g^-1,与其他样品相比差异显著（P<0.05）。经主成分分析得出,麦粉样品间的主要差异指标为ARs同系物组成含量,作为第1主成分,其累积贡献率为98.40%。小麦麸皮与其他麦粉样品的相对分散最远,中国小麦粉的分散度最大。美国全麦粉和加拿大全麦粉几乎重叠,而中国全麦粉和部分小麦粉与美国、加拿大全麦粉部分交叉。【结论】 本研究建立的液相方法能够有效、快速的对全麦粉中ARs同系物进行定量,适用于麦类全谷物产品中ARs同系物含量的测定。同时,通过全麦粉和小麦粉中ARs同系物组成对比分析可知,全麦粉中的ARs同系物组成丰富度优于小麦粉中的ARs同系物组成丰富度。     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量估测研究

为探讨利用无人机多光谱影像监测冬小麦叶绿素含量的可行性,基于北京市大兴区中国水科院试验基地的2019年冬小麦无人机多光谱影像和田间实测冠层叶绿素含量数据,选取16种光谱植被指数,确定对冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量显著相关的植被指数,采用一元二次线性回归和逐步回归分析方法建立各生育时期及全生育期的SPAD值估测模型,通过精度检验确定对冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量监测的最优模型。结果表明,两种分析方法中逐步回归建模效果最佳。拔节期选取4个植被指数(MSR、CARI、NGBDI、TVI)建模效果最好,模型率定的决定系数(r~2)为0.73,模型验证的r~2、相对误差(RE)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.63、2.83%、1.68;抽穗期选取3个植被指数(GNDVI、GOSAVI、CARI)建模效果最好,模型率定的r~2为0.81,模型验证的r~2、RE、RMSE分别为0.63、2.83%、1.68;灌浆期选取2个植被指数(MSR、NGBDI)建模效果最好,模型率定的r~2为0.67,模型验证的r~2、RE、RMSE分别为0.65、2.83%、1.88。因此,无人机多光谱影像结合逐步回归模型可以很好地监测冬小麦SPAD值动态变化。     

Calcium silicate slag reduces drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Silicon has been reported to reduce drought stress on many crops, but limited studies have evaluated this effect with rice using calcium silicate slag from the phosphorus fertilizer industry as a source of Si. A greenhouse study was performed to address this issue. Four slag rates (0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) and two application methods (surface application and incorporation) were evaluated under two moisture regimes (flood and 50% field capacity) for drought stress mitigation in a mineral soil that is typical for rice production. Slag application significantly elevated plant‐available Si in the soil and Si accumulation in plant tissues, and tended to improve rice shoot and root biomass relative to the untreated control under both flooding and drought stress. Increased carbon isotope discrimination (△¹³C) and decreased proline in rice leaves subjected to drought stress indicate that this slag may reduce drought stress in rice, which was supported by restoration of foliage density, transpiration, photosynthesis rate and sugar accumulation to at or near flooded levels following the highest slag application. This study supports the usage of calcium silicate slag in rice production as it could improve Si availability and reduce drought stress.     

南方三省(区)南洋楹气候区划的研究

选择纬度、经度以及16个与水热状况有关的气象因子进行R型主成分分析,用前5个主成分坐标值进行模糊ISODATA聚类分析,将研究区划分为3类;用逐步判别分析建立了各类的判别函数式,回判准确率为91.81%;结合模糊相似优先比的结果,将研究区区划为南洋楹适宜发展区、南洋次适宜发展和南洋楹控制发展区3个气候区.     

Using model scenarios to predict and evaluate forest-management impacts on soil base saturation at landscape level

Silviculture, forest conversion and technical tools of ecosystem management, such as forest liming, display their effects at the landscape level. Therefore their planning and control should take place at the same scale. The primary objective of this work was to assess soil chemical properties and their changes in relationship to ecosystem management, especially forest conversion and forest liming. We calculated scenario models, based on regression analysis, which allow such an examination in the context of understanding landscape processes which can be expected to operate in the sampling region. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to predict soil chemical attributes (base saturation, pH, C/N content and stock, exchangeable stocks of Ca and Mg) as indicators of site stability or off-site effects of forest ecosystems such as effects on clean drinking water from forested watersheds. Because of space limitations, in this paper only the modelling results of base saturation are presented. Base saturation was used as an integrative example for other soil chemical properties. The transformation of measurements to the regional scale, i.e., the regionalization, was calculated for the forested parts of two test regions in the Black Forest on the basis of measured chemical properties of 90–150 soil profiles per test region. The models have a spatial resolution of 50×50 m, which is a spatial scale relevant for forestry practice and forest management. Topographic variables (e.g., elevation, aspect, slope gradient, and slope length), the stratigraphic classification of the geologic substrate, stand characteristics from forest inventory data, and finally technical information about forest liming were the auxiliary variables (secondary site properties) that provided indirect information about base saturation and were available for the whole forested area of the test regions. Base saturation could be predicted with an accuracy of ~50–70% (in terms of the multiple R²) by using these properties as predictor variables in multiple linear regression analyses. The explained proportion of variance was unexpectedly high considering the high geomorphological heterogeneity of the two test regions. Based upon the regionalization models, it was possible to establish scenarios showing the landscape-related effects on base saturation that may be achieved by forest conversion towards a higher proportion of forests with broad-leaved mixed stands and by forest liming. These scenarios allow the interactions between several influencing factors and management strategies and the impacts on the target variable to be synoptically judged. Thus the presented regionalization models achieve the role of decision support tools for the planning of forest management at the landscape level. They allow an assessment of the environmental effects of forest management strategies in terms of site sustainability or preservation of water resources in forested catchments.     

Clinical feasibility of cognitive testing in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Several cognitive tests have been developed to evaluate specific aspects of human and animal learning and memory. These tests have been used for early detection of cognitive deficits and to monitor the treatment of dogs with cognitive impairment. Thus, this article evaluated the feasibility of cognitive tests for use in canine neurology clinical routines and the suitability of the different tests to accomplish this aim. Fifteen healthy adult dogs were used for the cognitive tests of reward approach learning, object approach learning, object discrimination learning, reversal learning, delayed non-matched to position, and delayed non-matched to sample to assess different aspects of memory. No difference was observed between tests of delayed non-matched to position (3.13 ± 2.23 days) and delayed non-matched to sample (3.20 ± 2.40 days) (P = 0.944). However, dogs had greater difficulty in reversal learning (8.47 ± 2.61 days) than in object discrimination learning (4.60 ± 1.64 days) (P ≤ 0.001). Based on the tests performed, the delayed non-matched to position test may be performed in clinical routine if the owner and the veterinarian have time available, because this test is sensitive to evaluate dogs with cognitive impairments, but requires approximately 10 days of training. Thus, elderly dogs are excellent experimental models to study pathological aging based on their similarities with some human brain diseases, such as Alzheimer disease.     

不同燕麦基因型源库关系对穗粒数形成过程的影响

为了解燕麦穗粒数形成过程与源、库特征之间的关系，连续两年以10个不同来源、熟期、穗型、株型、小穗数的燕麦品种为试验材料，测定三叶期至拔节期的幼穗分化阶段及抽穗期源库特征，采用方差分析、聚类分析、逐步回归分析等方法，分析不同燕麦基因型源库特征及对穗粒数形成过程的影响。结果表明，燕麦穗粒数形成过程存在基因型差异，幼穗分化较好品种的穗粒数较全部品种平均值高11.22%~65.43%；幼穗分化较好品种的光合势、干物质量、粒数叶比、收获指数显著高于幼穗分化较差品种，其中粒数叶比和收获指数是影响穗粒数形成的主要因素，粒数叶比和收获指数较全部品种平均值分别高0.99%~68.74%和0.85%~13.80%。综上所述，源库协调是燕麦幼穗分化良好的生理基础，可通过提高光合势和干物质量达到增源的目的，进而提高穗粒数。     

Contribution of Different Organs to Grain Filling in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post‐Anthesis Photosynthesis and Remobilization

Under Mediterranean conditions, drought affects cereals production principally through a limitation of grain filling. In this study, the respective role of post‐anthesis photosynthesis and carbon remobilization and the contribution of flag leaf, stem, chaff and awns to grain filling were evaluated under Mediterranean conditions in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars. For the purpose, we examined the effects of shading and excision of different parts of the plant and compared carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in dry matter of flag leaf, stem, chaff, awns and grain at maturity and in sap of stem, flag leaf, chaff and awns, this last measurement providing information on photosynthesis during a short period preceding sampling. Source–sink manipulations and isotopic imprints of different organs on final isotope composition of the grain confirmed the high contribution of both carbons assimilated by ears and remobilized from stems to grain filling, and the relatively low contribution of leaves to grain filling. Grain Δ was highly and significantly associated with grain yield across treatments, suggesting the utilization of this trait as an indicator of source–sink manipulations effects on grain yield. Chaff and awns Δ were better correlated with grain Δ than stem and leaf Δ, indicating that chaff were more involved in grain filling than other organs. Moreover, in chaff, sap Δ was highly significantly correlated with dry matter Δ. These results suggest the use of Δ for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of the variation in the contribution of different organs to grain filling.